Which aspect is not typically included in informed consent for research participants?

Informed consent is a critical component of ethical research practices, ensuring that participants are fully aware of what their involvement entails. The key elements of informed consent generally include the purpose of the research, any potential risks involved, and assurances of confidentiality to protect the participants' identity and personal information.

While the expected outcomes of the study may be discussed, they are not typically considered a necessary component of informed consent. The focus of informed consent is primarily on providing participants with enough information to make an informed decision about their involvement, rather than promising or detailing specific outcomes that might arise from the research. This distinction is essential as the outcomes can be uncertain or speculative, and participants should not feel misled or obligated based on projected results.

By emphasizing the purpose, risks, and confidentiality, the informed consent process ensures that participants are adequately informed and can voluntarily decide whether to partake in the research without undue pressure or misinformation.