What does the term "operationalization" mean in research?

The term "operationalization" in research specifically refers to the process of defining variables in measurable terms, which is essential for empirical investigation. When researchers operationalize a variable, they clarify how it will be measured or quantified in the study, translating abstract concepts into observable and measurable indicators.

For example, if a researcher is studying "stress," they need to specify how they will measure it—whether through surveys that assess stress levels, physiological indicators like cortisol levels, or behavioral observations. This step is crucial because it enables researchers to collect data that are consistent and reliable, making it possible to draw valid conclusions based on empirical evidence.

Operationalization is foundational in research methodology because it bridges the gap between theoretical constructs and practical measurement, ensuring that the study's findings genuinely reflect the phenomena being investigated.