In tables presenting a causal relationship, where is the independent variable usually listed?

In tables that illustrate a causal relationship, the independent variable is typically placed in the columns. This is because the independent variable is the factor that is manipulated or controlled in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable, which is shown in the rows. Positioning the independent variable in columns helps to clearly delineate it from the dependent variables, allowing for easier analysis and interpretation of how changes in the independent variable may influence outcomes. This organization aids readers in visually assessing the relationships and effects being studied.